This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. Most people in . The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? 1558 -french threat. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. The war was going badly for England. Europe. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. West Yorkshire, Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. J. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Become a Member | Henry himself gave people cause . Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. By 1568 most people had accepted. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Company Reg no: 04489574. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. 214 High Street, This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. From there we will look at the career . Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. France was at war with England and Spain. . Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). 2. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. Use your outline Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. 14-16 / The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Doodle's Point of View Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. - navy to firth of Forth. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes.

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