Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Kwon et al. 2000;11:4135. 2003;80:177. Neurotoxicology. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. 2017;326:291. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. PubMed Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Surg Neurol. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. 2 Researchers have been working. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. 2006;27:16471. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. 2006;27:11926. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;4:102. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Int J Radiat Biol. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Behav Brain Res. 2015;91:30611. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Neuroreport. However,. 2014;70:84555. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? 2003;41:26887. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. 2014:125. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Qiao et al. 2015;91:42634. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Mil Med Sci. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Biomed Environ Sci. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. 1984;5:6370. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Wang et al. Brain Res. 2010;1347:17985. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Privacy PubMed 2000;284:30017. 2002;5:18995. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Google Scholar. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. These conclusions are presented in Table2. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Wang et al. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2015;91:55561. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. 2015;28:1324. 2005;161:3314. eliminating microwave and RF sources. 2013;34:26474. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Sareesh et al. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. J Environ Health Sci Eng. J Electromagnet Anal. 2010;86:37683. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Dasdag et al. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. 1984;11:4760. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. The conclusions are shown in Table3. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. 2015;36:4804. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Bioelectromagnetics. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. PubMed Central Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Neuroreport. Megha et al. Iran J Public Health. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Othman et al. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Int J Radiat Biol. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. 2013;5:5500110. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Curr Opin Neurobiol. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. 2012;62:22336. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Dasdag et al. Int J Radiat Biol. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them.
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